# Quine OS: build & CI guidelines

These guidelines describe how build tooling and CI should be structured
across Quine OS's apps and subsystems. They're drawn from, and should stay
consistent with, patterns already established in swap-watchdog, quine-linux,
quintodrome, and hyper.

## 1. Every app gets a Taskfile

Every standalone app (buildable, runnable, testable on its own) ships a
`Taskfile.yml` as its entrypoint — `task build`, `task install`, `task test`,
etc. Taskfile is the human-friendly front door; it is **not** where build
logic lives (see §3). Dev-only apps with no real build step just wrap the run
command directly (e.g. a Flutter app's Taskfile can be just
`flutter run -d linux` — nothing more needed).

## 2. Build tooling preference order

When an app needs a real build step, prefer in this order:

1. **Nix, as a hermetic dependency-provisioning layer inside the Dagger
   container** — not necessarily `nix build`/flakes, but `nix-shell -p
   <pkgs>` to pull build-time headers/toolchains into an ephemeral
   container, while the actual compile still runs the language's native
   builder (`go build`, `cargo build`, etc.). For example: Nix supplies
   `gtk3-devel`/`dbus-devel`-equivalent packages inside the container, the
   host's own Go toolchain is mounted in to avoid version drift against
   go.mod, and `patchelf` retargets the ELF interpreter so the binary still
   links against the host's real runtime libs. Nothing gets installed on
   the host or layered into the image for a one-off build dependency.
2. **If Nix genuinely can't cover it, the next-most-hermetic sandbox** —
   e.g. a `flatpak-builder` sandbox in place of Nix, when a dependency's
   header/binding generation isn't well supported in nixpkgs. That's a
   legitimate, documented exception, not drift.
3. **Never**: reaching for `rpm-ostree install`, `dnf`, or any host/image
   mutation just to satisfy a build-time dependency. If a dependency
   genuinely belongs in the OS image (not just at build time), that's a
   deliberate rpm-ostree layering decision made separately, not a build
   script shortcut.

## 3. CI: Dagger owns the logic, Gitea Actions stays thin

One Forgejo instance, Gitea Actions as the trigger, Dagger as the engine.
The workflow YAML should do as little as possible:

```yaml
- uses: actions/checkout@v6
- run: curl -fsSL https://dl.dagger.io/dagger/install.sh | BIN_DIR="$HOME/.local/bin" sh
- run: dagger call ci
```

All real logic — build steps, test invocation, lint — lives in `.dagger/`
(Go SDK), never inlined as shell in the workflow file. If a workflow step is
doing anything beyond checkout, installing the Dagger CLI, and one
`dagger call`, that's a signal the logic should move into the Dagger module
instead.

## 4. Apps vs. OS subsystems: different rigor, same tools

- **Apps**: full Taskfile, Dagger-driven CI as above, real test coverage
  expected — they're independently buildable and testable, so there's no
  excuse not to.
- **Larger OS subsystems** (not independently buildable/testable the way an
  app is — e.g. quine-linux itself): still require a Taskfile, and CI
  through *either* Dagger *or* a Taskfile-driven Gitea Actions job — not
  mandatory Dagger. Some kind of test/smoke-check should exist, but it's
  scoped to what's actually checkable (`bootc status`, image boots, a
  precondition script), not full unit/integration coverage.
- **Privileged/hardware-bound operations are a legitimate reason to skip
  Dagger entirely.** An ISO build needing root podman/buildah,
  `bootc-image-builder --privileged`, a specific runner label, and tens of
  GB of disk doesn't containerize cleanly inside Dagger's own container
  model. Driving that build directly via Taskfile + CLI tools, with the
  reasoning commented inline, is the right call — document the "why no
  Dagger here" rather than treating it as a gap to close later.

## 5. The cross-platform desktop exception

Dagger's execution model is Linux/OCI containers. There is no Windows-container
execution mode in Dagger, and no native-macOS-app-building container mode
either. Running the Dagger *client* from a Windows or Mac host (which does
work) just dispatches into a Linux VM underneath (WSL2, Docker Desktop,
etc.) — that doesn't change the target you're building for.

**But check how much of this is actually a container-engine limitation
before reaching for a native runner matrix — less than it looks like:**

- **Windows: cross-compile from inside the Dagger Linux container first.**
  Go cross-compiles to Windows trivially (`GOOS=windows`). Rust/Tauri
  cross-compiles via [`cargo-xwin`](https://github.com/Jake-Shadle/xwin)
  (MSVC target) or mingw-w64 (GNU target) — Tauri has first-class support
  for this (`tauri build --runner cargo-xwin --target
  x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`). Authenticode signing doesn't need `signtool` or
  a Windows host either: `osslsigncode` signs PE/MSI/CAB files from Linux,
  including against a real HSM-backed cert via PKCS11. Put together, this
  likely covers the *entire* Windows leg (build + sign) inside Dagger, with
  no native Windows runner at all — try this before assuming the matrix
  approach quintodrome's `desktop.yml` currently uses is necessary. The one
  soft spot is native Node module rebuilds (e.g. node-pty, for Hyper):
  cross-compiling node-gyp addons to Windows from Linux is less reliable
  per-dependency, so that leg specifically may still need a real Windows
  runner — check it, don't assume either way.
- **macOS: don't cross-compile, and this isn't a Dagger limitation to wait
  out.** `osxcross` exists, but it works by extracting Apple's SDK, and
  Apple's EULA restricts that SDK to execution on Apple-branded hardware —
  not something to adopt as org policy. More fundamentally, codesigning and
  notarization need Apple's own tools (`codesign`, `notarytool`) talking to
  Apple's signing infrastructure with real credentials — that's a
  credentials/API constraint, not a sandboxing one, so no amount of
  container tech (present or future) removes the need for a real Mac for
  that step. Apple's `container` project (WWDC 2025, the subject of
  [dagger/dagger#11205](https://github.com/dagger/dagger/issues/11205) on
  adding it as a Dagger runtime) doesn't change this either: it runs
  *Linux* containers natively on Apple Silicon (one lightweight VM per
  container, via `Virtualization.framework`), which would make running
  Dagger's existing Linux pipelines on a Mac host faster/more native — it
  is not a way to build or sign macOS apps inside a container. Keep the
  native macOS runner for this leg.
- **There's no "Dagger for Windows containers" to switch to, either.**
  BuildKit (the engine Dagger is built on) added *experimental* Windows
  container support in v0.13, but Dagger hasn't built Windows-container
  execution on top of it, and general Windows-native CI platforms (Azure
  DevOps, TeamCity) aren't containerized-pipeline-as-code tools the way
  Dagger is — they're a different trade-off, not a drop-in replacement.

So: cross-platform desktop apps (Quintodrome, Hyper) remain the exception to
"everything through Dagger" — but narrower than it first appears. Try to
collapse the Windows leg into Dagger via cross-compilation before matrixing
it onto a native `windows-latest` runner; keep the macOS leg (and whichever
Node-native-module rebuilds don't cross-compile cleanly) on real runners,
since that part isn't going away. Re-verify this against Dagger's current
docs before trusting it indefinitely — this is a fast-moving project — but
the macOS signing constraint specifically is structural, not a version gap.

- Keep Dagger for whatever portion *is* containerizable — a Go/Node
  server-side build, lint, or test job stays thin-Gitea-Actions-calls-Dagger
  as normal, and per the above, try to pull the Windows build+sign leg in
  here too rather than defaulting it onto a native runner.
- Whatever's left over (macOS always; Windows only for legs that genuinely
  don't cross-compile) gets a real OS matrix in Gitea Actions (`macos-latest`,
  `macos-13` for Intel, and `windows-latest` only if needed) with native
  toolchain setup steps. This is allowed to be as "fat" as it needs to be,
  since there's no Dagger path to thin it against.
- Mark this divergence explicitly in the workflow (a comment explaining why
  Dagger isn't used there) so it reads as a deliberate, bounded exception
  rather than unexplained drift from the Dagger-first rule.
- Electron apps follow the same shape: macOS signing/notarization and
  whichever native per-arch module rebuilds don't cross-compile cleanly mean
  that part of packaging CI stays on real runners, even once migrated off
  GitHub Actions onto Forgejo.

## 6. Mark Taskfiles and Dagger files as part of Quine OS

Since apps and subsystems get forked/vendored/copied around (and some
started life as upstream forks on their own hosting), every `Taskfile.yml`
and every `.dagger/main.go` should carry a one-line header identifying it as
a Quine OS file. This is purely an identifying tag — not a license or
copyright notice — so it stays short and makes no legal claim.

`Taskfile.yml`, as the first line:

```yaml
# Part of Quine OS. See GUIDELINES.md in the quine-linux repo for conventions.
version: "3"
```

`.dagger/main.go`, as the leading comment above `package main` (ahead of
any file-specific build-rationale comment already there):

```go
// Part of Quine OS. See GUIDELINES.md in the quine-linux repo for conventions.
package main
```

If a file already has a longer header comment explaining its own build
rationale (e.g. swap-watchdog's `.dagger/main.go`), add this as the first
line of that comment block rather than a second, separate block.