[libc++][pstl] Default implementation of parallel std::adjacent_difference (#207585)

This PR adds a "one-liner" default implementation of parallel
`std::adjacent_difference` on top of parallel binary `std::transform`.

The implementation builds two iterator ranges out of the input one, so
that a zip of these ranges yields adjacent pairs. Then performs a binary
transform to calculate and output the adjacent differences.

Part of https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/99938
This commit is contained in:
Michael G. Kazakov 2026-07-21 12:42:26 +01:00 committed by GitHub
parent faaeaf35a5
commit 460778b9d6
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG key ID: B5690EEEBB952194
10 changed files with 574 additions and 4 deletions

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@ -165,6 +165,45 @@ template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
std::move(__transform));
}
template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
class _ForwardIterator1,
class _ForwardIterator2,
class _RawPolicy = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator2 adjacent_difference(
_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1, _ForwardIterator2 __first2) {
_LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "adjacent_difference requires ForwardIterators");
_LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "adjacent_difference requires ForwardIterators");
using _Implementation =
__pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__adjacent_difference, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy), std::move(__first1), std::move(__last1), std::move(__first2), minus{});
}
template <class _ExecutionPolicy,
class _ForwardIterator1,
class _ForwardIterator2,
class _BinaryOperation,
class _RawPolicy = __remove_cvref_t<_ExecutionPolicy>,
enable_if_t<is_execution_policy_v<_RawPolicy>, int> = 0>
[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI _ForwardIterator2 adjacent_difference(
_ExecutionPolicy&& __policy,
_ForwardIterator1 __first1,
_ForwardIterator1 __last1,
_ForwardIterator2 __first2,
_BinaryOperation __op) {
_LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator1, "adjacent_difference requires ForwardIterators");
_LIBCPP_REQUIRE_CPP17_FORWARD_ITERATOR(_ForwardIterator2, "adjacent_difference requires ForwardIterators");
using _Implementation =
__pstl::__dispatch<__pstl::__adjacent_difference, __pstl::__current_configuration, _RawPolicy>;
return __pstl::__handle_exception<_Implementation>(
std::forward<_ExecutionPolicy>(__policy),
std::move(__first1),
std::move(__last1),
std::move(__first2),
std::move(__op));
}
_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
#endif // _LIBCPP_HAS_EXPERIMENTAL_PSTL && _LIBCPP_STD_VER >= 17

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@ -317,6 +317,13 @@ struct __is_sorted;
// optional<bool>
// operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator __first, _ForwardIterator __last, _Comp&& __comp) const noexcept;
template <class _Backend, class _ExecutionPolicy>
struct __adjacent_difference;
// template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryOperation>
// optional<_ForwardIterator2>
// operator()(_Policy&& __policy, _ForwardIterator1 __first1, _ForwardIterator1 __last1,
// _ForwardIterator2 __first2, _BinaryOperation &&__op) const noexcept;
} // namespace __pstl
_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD

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@ -92,11 +92,12 @@ namespace __pstl {
//
// transform and transform_binary family
// -------------------------------------
// - replace_copy_if
// - replace_copy
// - move
// - adjacent_difference
// - copy
// - copy_n
// - move
// - replace_copy
// - replace_copy_if
// - reverse_copy
// - rotate_copy
//
@ -575,6 +576,34 @@ struct __reverse_copy<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
}
};
template <class _ExecutionPolicy>
struct __adjacent_difference<__default_backend_tag, _ExecutionPolicy> {
template <class _Policy, class _ForwardIterator1, class _ForwardIterator2, class _BinaryOperation>
[[nodiscard]] _LIBCPP_HIDE_FROM_ABI optional<_ForwardIterator2>
operator()(_Policy&& __policy,
_ForwardIterator1 __first1,
_ForwardIterator1 __last1,
_ForwardIterator2 __result,
_BinaryOperation&& __op) const noexcept {
using _TransformBinary = __dispatch<__transform_binary, __current_configuration, _ExecutionPolicy>;
if (__first1 == __last1)
return __result; // edge case: empty input range, just return the output iterator
*__result = *__first1;
++__result;
_ForwardIterator1 __first2 = std::next(__first1);
if (__first2 == __last1)
return __result; // edge case: not enough elements to perform adjacent difference, just return the output iterator
// Process as a binary transform of two iterator ranges: [__first1 + 1, __last1) and [__first1, __last1 - 1)
return _TransformBinary()(
__policy,
std::move(__first2),
std::move(__last1),
std::move(__first1),
std::move(__result),
std::forward<_BinaryOperation>(__op));
}
};
} // namespace __pstl
_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD

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@ -211,4 +211,15 @@ void f(non_forward_iterator non_fwd,
(void)std::transform_reduce(
pol, non_fwd, non_fwd, val, func, func); // expected-error@*:* {{static assertion failed: transform_reduce}}
}
{
(void)std::adjacent_difference(
pol, it, it, non_fwd); // expected-error@*:* {{static assertion failed: adjacent_difference}}
(void)std::adjacent_difference(
pol, it, it, non_fwd, func); // expected-error@*:* {{static assertion failed: adjacent_difference}}
(void)std::adjacent_difference(
pol, non_fwd, non_fwd, it); // expected-error@*:* {{static assertion failed: adjacent_difference}}
(void)std::adjacent_difference(
pol, non_fwd, non_fwd, it, func); // expected-error@*:* {{static assertion failed: adjacent_difference}}
}
}

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@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
#include <algorithm>
#include <execution>
#include <iterator>
#include <numeric>
void test() {
int a[] = {1};
@ -58,4 +59,8 @@ void test() {
std::is_sorted(std::execution::par, std::begin(a), std::end(a), pred2);
// expected-warning@+1 {{ignoring return value of function declared with 'nodiscard' attribute}}
std::reverse_copy(std::execution::par, std::begin(a), std::end(a), std::begin(b));
// expected-warning@+1 {{ignoring return value of function declared with 'nodiscard' attribute}}
std::adjacent_difference(std::execution::par, std::begin(a), std::end(a), std::begin(b));
// expected-warning@+1 {{ignoring return value of function declared with 'nodiscard' attribute}}
std::adjacent_difference(std::execution::par, std::begin(a), std::end(a), std::begin(b), pred2);
}

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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ int main(int, char**) {
auto last1 = util::throw_on_move_iterator(std::end(a), tokens[1].active() ? 1 : -1);
auto first2 = util::throw_on_move_iterator(std::begin(b), tokens[2].active() ? 1 : -1);
auto last2 = util::throw_on_move_iterator(std::end(b), tokens[3].active() ? 1 : -1);
auto dest = util::throw_on_move_iterator(std::end(storage), tokens[4].active() ? 1 : -1);
auto dest = util::throw_on_move_iterator(std::begin(storage), tokens[4].active() ? 1 : -1);
auto maybe_throw = [](ThrowToken const& token, auto f) {
return [&token, f](auto... args) {
if (token.active())
@ -365,6 +365,20 @@ int main(int, char**) {
(void)std::reduce(policy, std::move(first1), std::move(last1), init, reduction);
});
}
{
auto op = maybe_throw(tokens[5], [](int x, int y) -> int { return x + y; });
// adjacent_difference(first, last, dest)
assert_non_throwing([=, &policy] {
(void)std::adjacent_difference(policy, std::move(first1), std::move(last1), std::move(dest));
});
// adjacent_difference(first, last, dest, op)
assert_non_throwing([=, &policy] {
(void)std::adjacent_difference(policy, std::move(first1), std::move(last1), std::move(dest), op);
});
}
}
});
}

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@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++17
// UNSUPPORTED: libcpp-has-no-incomplete-pstl
// template <class ExecutionPolicy,
// class ForwardIterator1,
// class ForwardIterator2>
// ForwardIterator2 adjacent_difference(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
// ForwardIterator1 first1,
// ForwardIterator1 last1,
// ForwardIterator2 first2);
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <functional>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <numeric>
#include "test_execution_policies.h"
#include "test_iterators.h"
#include "test_macros.h"
#include "type_algorithms.h"
#include "runway_sample.h"
EXECUTION_POLICY_SFINAE_TEST(adjacent_difference);
static_assert(sfinae_test_adjacent_difference<int, int*, int*, int*>);
static_assert(!sfinae_test_adjacent_difference<std::execution::parallel_policy, int*, int*, int*>);
// Types X and Y are provided to test adjacent_difference() against custom types.
// X is a source type that supports subtraction.
// Y is a destination type that can be assigned from X and compared for equality.
class X {
int i_;
X& operator=(const X&);
public:
explicit X(int i) : i_(i) {}
X(const X& x) : i_(x.i_) {}
X& operator=(X&& x) {
i_ = x.i_;
x.i_ = -1;
return *this;
}
friend X operator-(const X& x, const X& y) { return X(x.i_ - y.i_); }
friend class Y;
};
class Y {
int i_;
Y& operator=(const Y&);
public:
explicit Y(int i) : i_(i) {}
Y(const Y& y) : i_(y.i_) {}
void operator=(const X& x) { i_ = x.i_; }
bool operator==(const Y& y) const { return i_ == y.i_; }
};
template <class Iter1, class Iter2>
struct Test {
template <class ExecutionPolicy>
void operator()(ExecutionPolicy&& policy) {
{
int ia[] = {10};
int ir[] = {42};
int ib[] = {42};
Iter2 r = std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
assert(r == Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[] = {10};
int ir[] = {10};
int ib[] = {42};
Iter2 r = std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[] = {10, 30};
int ir[] = {10, 20};
int ib[std::size(ia)] = {0};
Iter2 r = std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[] = {15, 10, 6, 3, 1};
int ir[] = {15, -5, -4, -3, -2};
int ib[std::size(ia)] = {0};
Iter2 r = std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[1073];
int ib[1073];
std::iota(std::begin(ia), std::end(ia), 1);
runway_sample(std::size(ia), [&](size_t i) {
Iter2 r =
std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::begin(ia) + i), Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
assert(r == Iter2(std::begin(ib) + i));
assert(std::all_of(std::begin(ib), std::begin(ib) + i, [](int x) { return x == 1; }));
});
}
}
};
template <class Iter1, class Iter2>
struct TestCustomTypes {
template <class ExecutionPolicy>
void operator()(ExecutionPolicy&& policy) {
{
X ia[3] = {X(1), X(5), X(7)};
Y ir[3] = {Y(1), Y(4), Y(2)};
Y ib[3] = {Y(0), Y(0), Y(0)};
Iter2 r = std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
}
};
int main(int, char**) {
types::for_each(
types::concatenate_t<types::forward_iterator_list<int*>, types::forward_iterator_list<const int*>>{},
types::apply_type_identity{[](auto v) {
using Iter = typename decltype(v)::type;
types::for_each(types::forward_iterator_list<int*>{},
TestIteratorWithPolicies<types::partial_instantiation<Test, Iter>::template apply>{});
}});
types::for_each(
types::concatenate_t<types::forward_iterator_list<X*>, types::forward_iterator_list<const X*>>{},
types::apply_type_identity{[](auto v) {
using Iter = typename decltype(v)::type;
types::for_each(
types::forward_iterator_list<Y*>{},
TestIteratorWithPolicies<types::partial_instantiation<TestCustomTypes, Iter>::template apply>{});
}});
return 0;
}

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@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++17
// UNSUPPORTED: libcpp-has-no-incomplete-pstl
// template <class ExecutionPolicy,
// class ForwardIterator1,
// class ForwardIterator2,
// class BinaryOperation>
// ForwardIterator2 adjacent_difference(ExecutionPolicy&& exec,
// ForwardIterator1 first1,
// ForwardIterator1 last1,
// ForwardIterator2 first2,
// BinaryOperation op);
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <functional>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <numeric>
#include "test_execution_policies.h"
#include "test_iterators.h"
#include "test_macros.h"
#include "type_algorithms.h"
#include "runway_sample.h"
EXECUTION_POLICY_SFINAE_TEST(adjacent_difference);
static_assert(sfinae_test_adjacent_difference<int, int*, int*, int*, int (*)(int, int)>);
static_assert(!sfinae_test_adjacent_difference<std::execution::parallel_policy, int*, int*, int*, int (*)(int, int)>);
// Types X and Y are provided to test adjacent_difference() against custom types.
// X is a source type that supports subtraction.
// Y is a destination type that can be assigned from X and compared for equality.
class X {
int i_;
X& operator=(const X&);
public:
explicit X(int i) : i_(i) {}
X(const X& x) : i_(x.i_) {}
X& operator=(X&& x) {
i_ = x.i_;
x.i_ = -1;
return *this;
}
friend class Y;
friend struct Op;
};
class Y {
int i_;
Y& operator=(const Y&);
public:
explicit Y(int i) : i_(i) {}
Y(const Y& y) : i_(y.i_) {}
void operator=(const X& x) { i_ = x.i_; }
bool operator==(const Y& y) const { return i_ == y.i_; }
};
// ensures that the predicate is not equivalent to std::minus
struct Op {
int operator()(int l, int r) const { return l * 2 - r; }
X operator()(const X& l, const X& r) const { return X(l.i_ * 2 - r.i_); }
};
template <class Iter1, class Iter2>
struct Test {
template <class ExecutionPolicy>
void operator()(ExecutionPolicy&& policy) {
{
int ia[] = {10};
int ir[] = {42};
int ib[] = {42};
Iter2 r =
std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)), Op{});
assert(r == Iter2(std::begin(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[] = {10};
int ir[] = {10};
int ib[] = {42};
Iter2 r =
std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)), Op{});
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[] = {10, 30};
int ir[] = {10, 50};
int ib[std::size(ia)] = {0};
Iter2 r =
std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)), Op{});
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[] = {15, 10, 6, 3, 1};
int ir[] = {15, 5, 2, 0, -1};
int ib[std::size(ia)] = {0};
Iter2 r =
std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)), Op{});
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
{
int ia[1073];
int ib[1073];
std::iota(std::begin(ia), std::end(ia), 1);
runway_sample(std::size(ia), [&](size_t i) {
Iter2 r = std::adjacent_difference(
policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::begin(ia) + i), Iter2(std::begin(ib)), Op{});
assert(r == Iter2(std::begin(ib) + i));
for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j)
assert(ib[j] == (int)(j == 0 ? 1 : j + 2));
});
}
}
};
template <class Iter1, class Iter2>
struct TestCustomTypes {
template <class ExecutionPolicy>
void operator()(ExecutionPolicy&& policy) {
{
X ia[3] = {X(1), X(5), X(8)};
Y ir[3] = {Y(1), Y(9), Y(11)};
Y ib[3] = {Y(0), Y(0), Y(0)};
Iter2 r =
std::adjacent_difference(policy, Iter1(std::begin(ia)), Iter1(std::end(ia)), Iter2(std::begin(ib)), Op{});
assert(r == Iter2(std::end(ib)));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(ia); ++i)
assert(ib[i] == ir[i]);
}
}
};
int main(int, char**) {
types::for_each(
types::concatenate_t<types::forward_iterator_list<int*>, types::forward_iterator_list<const int*>>{},
types::apply_type_identity{[](auto v) {
using Iter = typename decltype(v)::type;
types::for_each(types::forward_iterator_list<int*>{},
TestIteratorWithPolicies<types::partial_instantiation<Test, Iter>::template apply>{});
}});
types::for_each(
types::concatenate_t<types::forward_iterator_list<X*>, types::forward_iterator_list<const X*>>{},
types::apply_type_identity{[](auto v) {
using Iter = typename decltype(v)::type;
types::for_each(
types::forward_iterator_list<Y*>{},
TestIteratorWithPolicies<types::partial_instantiation<TestCustomTypes, Iter>::template apply>{});
}});
return 0;
}

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@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#ifndef TEST_SUPPORT_RUNWAY_SAMPLE_H
#define TEST_SUPPORT_RUNWAY_SAMPLE_H
#include <cstddef>
#include <algorithm>
#include "test_macros.h"
// runway_sample(size, callable) calls callable(i) for a set of sample indices i in the range [0, size).
// they are chosen in 3 phases:
// - prefix, sampled densely with increments of 1
// - middle, sampled sparsely with uncanny numbers
// - suffix, sampled densely with increments of 1
//
// Examples of sample indices for various sizes:
// size = 0:
// <no samples>
// size = 1:
// 0
// size = 10:
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
// size = 100:
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 50 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
// size = 1000:
// 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 50 157 493 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999
template <class Callable>
TEST_CONSTEXPR_CXX14 void runway_sample(std::size_t size, Callable callable) {
constexpr std::size_t affix = 16;
std::size_t i = 0;
// 0, 1, 2, ..., 15
for (; i < std::min(size, affix); ++i) {
callable(i);
}
if (size <= affix) {
return;
}
// 16, 50, 157, 493, 1549, 4868, ...
for (std::size_t j = i; j + affix < size; i = j, j = j * 3 + j / 7) {
callable(j);
}
// size - 16, size - 15, ..., size - 1
i = std::max(i, size - affix);
for (; i < size; ++i) {
callable(i);
}
}
#endif // TEST_SUPPORT_RUNWAY_SAMPLE_H

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@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// REQUIRES: std-at-least-c++17
// "support/runway_sample.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <cassert>
#include <type_traits>
#include "test_macros.h"
#include "runway_sample.h"
constexpr bool test() {
{
runway_sample(0, [&](std::size_t /*i*/) { assert(false); });
}
{
std::size_t expected[] = {0};
std::size_t n = 0;
runway_sample(1, [&](std::size_t i) {
assert(expected[n] == i);
n++;
});
}
{
std::size_t expected[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
std::size_t n = 0;
runway_sample(10, [&](std::size_t i) {
assert(expected[n] == i);
n++;
});
}
{
std::size_t expected[] = {
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29};
std::size_t n = 0;
runway_sample(30, [&](std::size_t i) {
assert(expected[n] == i);
n++;
});
}
{
std::size_t expected[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
50, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99};
std::size_t n = 0;
runway_sample(100, [&](std::size_t i) {
assert(expected[n] == i);
n++;
});
}
{
std::size_t expected[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 50,
157, 493, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999};
std::size_t n = 0;
runway_sample(1000, [&](std::size_t i) {
assert(expected[n] == i);
n++;
});
}
return true;
}
int main() {
test();
static_assert(test());
return 0;
}